AdBlue®
Aqueous solution with 32.5% liquid urea content.

Additive
See Fuel-Born Catalyst.

A-DPF (Additive Diesel Particulate Filters)
Diesel particulate filters (DPFs) are devices installed in diesel engine vehicles that collect particulate matter without obstructing the flow of exhaust gases or damaging the vehicle. A variety of technologies can be installed along with a DPF to reduce the amount of harmful exhaust gases emitted. Additive Diesel Particulate Filters use a Fuel Borne Catalyst for fast and complete filter regeneration, whatever the driving conditions and the fuel quality.

Alternative fuel
A fuel that can be used instead of traditional fossil fuels such as gasoline or diesel. Alternative fuels include natural gas (compressed or liquefied), propane, hydrogen, biomass-derived fuels, alcohol (including ethanol or methanol), alcohol mixtures with gasoline or other powertrain technologies such as electricity.

Biofuels
Biofuel refers broadly to any liquid resulting from a mix of fossil fuel and liquid derived from biomass. Bio-diesel is a mix made of vegetal or animal oil while bio-ethanol is a mix of ethanol (from renewable sources) with gasoline.

CO (Carbon monoxide)
Is the result of incomplete oxidation of carbon in the combustion of carbonaceous material (such as gasoline, fuel oil, coal, wood, etc…). This gas is extremely dangerous: at high concentrations exposure can be fatal. The greatest danger of CO lies in its undetectibility; it is colorless, practically odorless, and tasteless, when inhaled or ingested CO attaches itself to red blood cells causing carboxyhemoglobin, which inhibits oxygen intake and can result in the asphyxiation of body organs.

CO2 (Carbon dioxide)
CO2 results from all combustion processes. This gas is not considered dangerous to the health but is largely responsible for the “greenhouse effect”.

Coated Diesel Particulate Filters or Coated soot filters (CDPF)
Coated DPF consists of a precious metal, typically platinum, being wash coated on the surface of the filter substrate to act as a catalyst in the oxidation process of accumulated soot particles.

Diesel Particulate filter
A diesel particulate filter, also called DPF, is a device designed to remove diesel particulate matter or soot from the exhaust gas of a diesel engine.

Emissions
The principal emissions from gasoline engines are carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), hydrocarbons (HC), and nitrogen oxides (NOx) (NOx mainly in direct injection engines). Diesel engines do produce large quantities of carbon dioxide, heavier particulates and NOx, but low level of carbon monoxide.

Emissions standards
Governmental regulations that define standards and limits on pollutants (CO2, NOx, PM, HC…) emissions to protect the environment.

Fuel-Borne Catalyst (FBC)
A chemical compound of organic and metal materials also called additive, added to the diesel fuel to regenerate diesel particulate filters.

Hydrocarbons (HC)
Organic chemical compounds that consist only of carbon and hydrogen. Hydrocarbons are usually major components of petroleum products, natural gas, and coals. Hydrocarbons that are not burnt completely during combustion contribute to air pollution.

LEVII (Low Emission Vehicles)
Specific emissions standard for United States, updated by Air Resources Board (ARB) in 2000.

NOx (Oxides of Nitrogen)
NOx is a generic term of the various nitrogen oxides resulting from engine combustion: primarily nitric oxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2). The NOx emissions result from all high temperature and high pressure combustion.

Particulate Matter (PM)
Particulate matter is a complex mixture of extremely small particles and liquid droplets, including acids (such as nitrates and sulfates), organic chemicals, metals, and soil or dust particles.

Permeation
Hydrocarbon vapors that escape into the atmosphere by passing through a solid material.

PZEV (Partial Zero Emissions Vehicles)
One of the most stringent Californian environmental regulations. Adopted in 2003, it requires vehicles to reduce their fuel emissions by a factor of ten, to under 54 mg of hydrocarbons per vehicle per day.

Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR)
Technology to reduce NOx emissions using an aqueous urea solution injected into the exhaust.

Soot
Unburned diesel particulate matter.

Urea
Urea is an organic compound of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen and hydrogen, with the formula CON2H4 or (NH2)2CO.